Prior knowledge refers to the information, skills, and experiences that individuals already possess before learning new information or engaging in a new task. It serves as the foundation upon which new knowledge is built and helps individuals make sense of new information by connecting it to what they already know. In the context of research, understanding an individual's prior knowledge can help researchers tailor their methods and materials to the needs and background of their participants, ensuring that the research is both relevant and effective. Prior knowledge can influence how individuals process and interpret new information, making it a crucial factor to consider in research across various fields, including education, psychology, and cognitive science.